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Origin of the harp in Europe
The origins of the triangular frame harp are unclear. Triangular objects on the laps of seated figures appear in artwork of the early medieval period in the Celtic nations (Ireland, Scotland and Wales) and other parts of North West Europe. This page outlines some of the scholarly controversies and disagreements on this subject.
==Scottish origins==
The connection of Scotland its love of stringed instruments is both ancient and recorded. An Iron Age lyre dating to circa 300 BC was discovered on the Isle of Skye making it Europes earliest surviving stringed instrument. The earliest descriptions of a European triangular framed harp i.e. harps with a fore pillar are found on carved 8th century Pictish stones.〔The Anglo Saxon Harp, 'Spectrum'', Vol. 71, No. 2 (Apr. 1996), pp. 290–320.〕〔The Origins of the Clairsach or Irish Harp. ''Musical Times'', Vol. 53, No. 828 (February 1912), pp. 89–92.〕〔Scotland, Insight Guides. Josephine Buchanan 2003, pp94 Published 2003 Langenscheidt Publishing Group.〕〔John T. Koch Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia 2006. Published ABC-CLIO, pp1276.〕〔Scotland's Music: A History of the Traditional and Classical Music of Scotland from Early Times to the Present Day. John Purser (2007) Mainstream Publishing Group.〕 Pictish harps were strung from horsehair. The instruments apparently spread south to the Anglo Saxons who commonly used gut strings and then west to the Gaels of the Highlands and to Ireland.〔A New History of Ireland, prehistoric and early history. Daibhi OCoinin (2005). Oxford University Press.〕〔J. Keay & Julia Keay. (2000): ''Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland'', Clarsach, p. 171. Harper Collins publishers.〕〔History Literature and music in Scotland 1700-1560 Russell Andrew McDonald 2002 University of Toronto Press, Arts Medieval
Recent introduction from Scotland to Ireland of the triangular harp.〕〔Celtic Music History and Criticism Kenneth Mathieson 2001 Backbeat books p192〕 Exactly thirteen depictions of any triangular chordophone instrument from pre-11th-century Europe exist and twelve of them come from Scotland.〔Alasdair Ross, "Pictish Chordophone Depictions", in ''Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies'', 36, 1998, esp. p. 41; Joan Rimmer, ''The Irish Harp'', (Cork, 1969) p. 17.
Also: Alasdair Ross discusses that all the Scottish harp figures were copied from foreign drawings and not from life, in 'Harps of Their Owne Sorte'? A Reassessment of Pictish Chordophone Depictions "Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies" 36, Winter 1998〕 Moreover, the earliest Irish word for a harp is in fact 'cruit', a word which strongly suggests a Pictish provenance for the instrument.〔J. Keay & Julia Keay. (2000): Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland, Clarsach, p. 171. Harper Collins publishers.〕 Only two quadrangular instruments occur within the Irish context on the west coast of Scotland and both carvings instruments date two hundred years after the Pictish carvings.〔 The first true representations of the Irish triangular harp do not appear till the late eleventh century in reliquary and the twelfth century on stone and the earliest harps used in Ireland were quadrangular lyres as ecclesiastical instruments,〔〔〔The Story of the Irish Harp its History and Influences Norah Joan Clark (2003) North Creek Press〕 One study suggests Pictish stone carvings may be copied from the Utrecht Psalter, the only other source outside Pictish Scotland to display a Triangular Chordophone instrument.〔Alasdair Ross discusses that all the Scottish harp figures were copied from foreign drawings and not from life, in 'Harps of Their Owne Sorte'? A Reassessment of Pictish Chordophone Depictions "Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies" 36, Winter 1998〕 The Utrecht Psalter was penned between 816–835 AD.〔Snyder's Medieval Art, 2nd ed, p32. Luttikhuizen and Verkerk〕 While Pictish Triangular Chordophone carvings found on the Nigg Stone dates from 790–799 AD.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Nigg stone is dated before the Utrecht Psalter and cannot have influenced the Pictish carvers to copy harp figures from the Ross study )〕 and pre-dates the document by up to thirty-five to forty years. Other Pictish sculptures predate the Utrecht Psalter, namely the harper on the Dupplin Cross c. 800 AD.
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